The Kaʻū Calendar News Briefs, Hawaiʻi Island

Monday, May 13, 2024

Kaʻū News Briefs May 13, 2024

From the bridge at Hwy 11 and Kamani Street in Pāhala on Monday, the sight of soil and floodwaters
flowing down from Wood Valley. Photo by Julia Neal

Headed toward the ocean, makai of Pāhala village.
Photo by Julia Neal

PĀHALA RECEIVED THE MOST RAIN ON THIS ISLAND during 24 hours ending at 8 p.m. on Monday. The rain gage in Pāhala recorded 5.47 inches. One gage at nearby Kapāpala ranch measured 3.43 inches and the other 2.69 inches.

Floodwaters raged down streams in Wood Valley and into Pāhala and through Pā'au'au Gulch that borders the Hilo side of the town. The waters continued through macadamia orchards and onto open muddy flats above the ocean.

Farmers of macadamia, coffee, tea and other food crops planned to check for damages on Tuesday morning. County, state and federal agencies urged reporting.

The heavy rain over the weekend on the rest of the island tapered off on Monday with heavy rains remaining in some parts of O'ahu and Mt. Wai'ale'ale on Kaua'i.

Wood Valley streams and their tiny waterfalls on Monday. Photo by Julia Neal

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A SLOWER PACE OF GROWTH FOR HAWAI'I is the prediction in the latest forecast by University of Hawai'i Economic Research Organization and its Executive Director Carl Bonham. However, Hawai'i Island will see the strongest population and labor growth, says the UHERO report released last week. Here is the Executive Summary:
Hawai'i’s economy will continue to grow, but at a slower pace than in past years. Maui rebuilding and the incremental return of international travelers will support tourism, helping to offset a moderate pullback in the US mainland market. Construction will continue to be a source of strength, even as overall job and income growth decelerate.

Reducing inflation in the Islands will take a bit longer than expected. Growth prospects for Hawai'i’s counties differ. Maui is set for an extended recovery period this decade, while population slowing will reduce future growth to varying degrees across the counties.

• The US has continued to outperform its peers, supported by immigration and strong consumer spending. Some moderation of US growth will occur as the labor force softens and high short-term financing costs weigh on households. But considering the economy’s impressive resilience, the extent of slowing will be less than previously anticipated.

• Other major visitor markets have struggled. The preponderance of floating rate mortgages means interest rate hikes hit Canada harder than the US, leading to negligible consumption growth. Weak export markets and especially unfamiliar inflation have hammered Japan. Consumer spending has been soft in Australia, where there is also drag from a weak China, struggling with a housing debt overhang and deflationary pressure. Weak currencies—which could fall further—will weigh on visitor growth from international markets, even as the global economy turns the corner this year.

• The four counties have experienced somewhat differing visitor industry performance. All were affected by a first-half 2023 tapering of US arrivals, which may have reflected waning postpandemic rebound travel. Maui has had a somewhat stronger than expected initial industry rebound, but faces a long road ahead. Other counties benefited from visitors substituting alternative Hawai'i destinations. O'ahu and Hawai'i Counties will gain the most from the ongoing recovery of international markets.

• Despite challenges, inflation-adjusted statewide visitor spending rose last year, propelled by the strongest daily per person visitor spending in more than three decades. Room rates held steady after a period of substantial gains, while there was substitution away from the luxury hotel segment. Inflation-adjusted visitor spending will decline a bit this year, before stabilizing in 2025.

• The State Government budget is taking a smaller hit from Maui wildfire cost than expected, but

pending hazard pay for employees who worked during COVID-19 will be an added state and county outlay. Already, recent years’ population decline has reduced revenue. The State Legislature has passed the most ambitious tax cut and reform package in many years.

• Inflation has picked up in the Islands, and it now exceeds the national average. This is primarily because of a delayed pass-through of higher rents. Inflation will resume its downward path over the next two years.

• Job growth continues at a modest pace in all counties other than Maui. Filled jobs in Maui County remain nearly 5,000 fewer than before the wildfires. Maui sectors heavily reliant on tourism will take the longest to recover. Over the long term, much slower population growth in the Islands will constrain growth. O'ahu will see the slowest population and labor force growth and Hawai'i County the strongest.

• Progress housing residents displaced by the Maui wildfires has been slow. Hastening the pace of moving residents from hotels and vacation rentals to longer-term housing will be important for reducing family hardship and freeing up rooms needed for a full visitor industry recovery. A new law grants Maui and the other counties more authority to regulate or eliminate shortterm rentals.

• Across all counties, soaring mortgage rates caused a dramatic drop in existing home sales, but overall construction activity remains buoyant. Maui rebuilding and ongoing private and government projects, especially on O'ahu, will push construction employment to record highs. A significant new concern is the unfolding insurance crisis. The cost of condo insurance has soared nationwide because of more frequent catastrophic events. Most lenders will not issue new mortgages on under-insured properties. The State Legislature has considered a public insurance pool to address these concerns, but this was not adopted during the recent term.

• Wage increases and declining inflation have raised real personal income, but it will slow below 1% this year. Real gross domestic product, our broadest measure of economic activity, will slow sharply from 3.6% growth in 2023 to 1.5% this year, but it will pick up in 2025 as Maui construction kicks into higher gear and external economies improve. As labor force and employment growth slow, both income and GDP will trend lower than in the past.

See the entire report at https://uhero.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/24Q2_Forecast.pdf

HPD warned people at the top of Reef Parkway and Ala'oli Drive to stay away as they dealt with a standoff and arrested
Kamren Adams for terroristic threatening, burglary and possession of firearm.
Photo by Hal McDougal

AFTER A LENGTHLY STANDOFF WITH POLICE, KAMREN ADAMS, OF OCEAN VIEW. WAS ARRESTED for terroristic threatening, burglary and possession of prohibited firearm. The 32-year-old was taken into police custody on Sunday afternoon. Hawai'i Police Department reports:
At approximately 8:20 a.m., a 37-year-old female, also from Ocean View, called police for assistance in regards to a male who broke into a residence she was caretaking; located at the 92-2800 block of Alaoli Drive. She reported that she was in a bedroom on the fourth floor of the residence when she heard a loud bang that she thought was a gunshot. Upon looking outside, she said, she observed that a male party was banging on the front door and demanding entry into the residence. She reported that she had never seen the male before and that he did not have permission to be on the property or to enter the residence. She said she told him to "go away!" and called for police.

Special Response Team came to Ocean View on Sunday.
File Photo by Sherrie Bracken, HPR

She said she heard glass shattering, went downstairs to see what happened and saw that the male had entered the residence. She said she confronted him, told him to leave and that she had called the police.

She reported that the man brandished what appeared to be a black semi-automatic pistol and stated something to the effect of, "where's my wife and kid!? I'm gonna kill them." The woman said she ran toward another room in the residence and observed a circular hole that appeared to be a bullet hole in one of the third-floor windows, the glass completely shattered. She said she locked the door and hid until police arrived. The woman reported that she heard the male say something to the effect of "I'm gonna kill anyone in here!" and that the male was stomping around the residence shouting obscenities.
The female reported that she was able to escape the residence by sneaking out of a fourth-floor balcony. As she was exiting the residence, she said, she observed that the male with what appeared to be a black iAR-15 style rifle with a scope. She came into contact with Kaʻū patrol officers as they pulled up to the driveway.
The officers related that they observed a shirtless male at the top of the driveway with what appeared to be a black semi-automatic pistol in his hand. The male ran back into the residence once he observed the police.

Hawai‘i Police Department’s Special Response Team and Crisis Negotiators were called to the scene when the male had barricaded himself in the residence and refused to come out. After several hours, the male voluntarily came out of the residence and was taken into custody without further incident.
Detectives with the Area 2 Criminal Investigation section are continuing the investigation.
Anyone with information relative to this investigation is encouraged to call the police department’s non-emergency number at (808) 935-3311. Also contact Detective Len Hamakado at (808) 326-4646, ext. 224; or Len.hamakado@hawaiicounty.gov.

The 1924 eruption at Halema'uma'u. Photo by Tai Sing Loo

AFTER DARK IN THE PARK: Sixteen Explosive Days at Kīlauea in May 1924. The presentation is this Tuesday, May 14 from 7 p.m. - 8 p.m. at Kīlauea Visitor Center auditorium in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.

In May 1924, more than 50 explosions from Halemaʻumaʻu produced volcanic ash that fell from South Hilo to South Kona. Thousands of rocks weighing as much as 12 tons crashed to the ground in Kīlauea caldera. Electrical storms and torrential rain accompanied several of the explosions, earthquakes repeatedly shook the summit, and Halemaʻumaʻu doubled in width.

Don Swanson, USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory geologist emeritus, and Ben Gaddis, USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory volunteer, will describe the preamble to that eventful May. Part of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park's ongoing After Dark in the Park series of programs. Program co-sponsored by Friends of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Free. Park fees apply.

STACEY JARNESKI OF JARNESKI RENTALS has announced a Kaʻū Family Fun Day at

Na'alehu Park on Sunday, June 23 from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m with water slides, bounce houses, cornhole tourney, live music and food vendors. Jarneski said there are no vendor fees. "I would like to help the people of Ka'u to promote their business and make some money." Call 808-090-7769.

Sunday, May 12, 2024

Kaʻū News Briefs May 12, 2024

Another solar flare on Sunday is expected to bring colorful skies again to Earth on Sunday night,
perhaps reaching Hawai'i again. Image from NASA

Discovery Harbour resident Eric
Dugase captured this in Canada.

KAʻŪ RESIDENTS CAUGHT THE COLORS IN CANADA & NA'ALEHU on Saturday as the solar storm from flares erupting from the sun came this way.

Eric Dugas of Discovery Harbour in Kaʻū captured his image at Nanose Bay in Canada while Brenda Towbridge captured hers outside her home in Nāʻālehu, early Saturday morning.

Flares from the sun erupted again on Sunday and were expected to bring the colorful skies again to Earth, reaching as far south as Hawai'i in the Pacific and southern Florida on the U.S. mainland.

Earth.com noted that Sunday's flare "originated from a region on the Sun’s surface called sunspot Region 3664, which has been quite active lately." NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, a spacecraft that keeps a constant eye on the sun - the nearest star to the earth, was able to capture the image of a Sunday solar outburst, shown above.

Brenda Towbridge of Nāʻālehu
captured this image on Saturday.

Earth.com explains: "Solar flares are immense explosions on the Sun that send energy, light and high speed particles into space. They occur when the magnetic fields in and around the Sun reconnect, releasing huge amounts of stored magnetic energy. Flares are our solar system’s most powerful explosive events." NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) extended the Geomagnetic Storm Warning until Monday afternoon, May 13.
People photographing the skies have noted that their phone cameras can come up with the colors, ever so faint, better than their human eyesight.

Phone cameras can capture the colors, sometimes, better than the human eye. This photo is from Nāʻālehu on Saturday.
Photo by Brenda Towbridge

Traven Apiki leads a group of volunteers from the non-profit
GIVE to help remove invasive glycine vines threatening
the iconic Norfolk pine tree lane coming into Pahala.
Photo by Julia Neal

MAY IS HAWAI'I INVASIVE SPECIES AWARENESS MONTH. It is the seventh year of Hawaiʻi Invasive Species Council hosting the program, in coordination with Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture, island invasive species committees, and state Department of Land & Natural Resources. What started as a seven-day experience has grown into a month-long community event dedicated to educating and mobilizing Hawaiʻi residents and visitors to help protect the islands against invasives. Festivities include in-person activities, webinars, volunteer trips, individual and business awards, keiki games, and more.

A statement from the organizers says, "Invasive species can have devastating and long-lasting impacts on communities and the natural environment if not managed properly. For an island state where 80-90 percent of our food and goods are imported and the threat of new pests entering the landscape is always present, biosecurity is a pressing issue. Within the past year, little fire ant infestations have increased on Oʻahu, coconut rhinoceros beetles have spread to Kauaʻi, and invasive grasses played a major role in devastating fires on Maui and Hawaiʻi Island. Strong coordination and collaboration among state

Cecilia Kauwe cleans up guinea grass along the
pine tree lane in Pāhala.

departments, federal agencies, organizations, and communities is key to better invasive species management and a more biosecure state."
The theme of HISAM 2024 is “Who protects Hawaiʻi from invasive species? You do.” The aim is to shed light on the personal actions everyone can take to help prevent and manage invasive species in Hawai'i's communities. Simple efforts like not planting invasives in gardens, reporting new pests, and volunteering with local organizations "goes a long way. A shared kuleana and collective mindset is what gives Hawaiʻi the best chance for lasting success," says the statement.

NAUPAKA KUAHIWI IS THE KAʻŪ NATIVE PLANT OF THE MONTH in the Column Lāʻau Letters: Native Plants of Kaʻū by Jodie Rosam with illustration by Joan Yoshioka. The scientific name for Naupaka kuahiwi, the mountai naupaka, is Scaevola gaudichaudii.

Naupaka Kuahiwi, the mountain naupaka and relative of naupaka kahakai
on the seashore. Art by Joan Yoshioka

Description: Last month, you met naupaka kahakai. This month, I want
to introduce you to another Scaevola species known as naupaka kuahiwi or “mountain naupaka,” a name it shares with five other species. Unlike the indigenous naupaka kahakai, this naupaka is endemic to Hawaiʻi and grows mauka rather than along the coast. It stands upright (typically around 3-4 feet but can grow taller) and has thick green leaves around 2” long that are slightly serrated near the tips. But the most beautiful and defining characteristic of this Scaevola is the gorgeous deep orange or yellow half flowers with a fragrance that will be forever tied to your memory. In fact, only one other species of naupaka has yellow flowers, S. glabra, but S. glabra flowers are shaped more like a native lobelia rather than the typical naupaka half flowers that we all know and love. The flowers, once pollinated, give way to small, round, deep black fruits that hold a single seed within.
Uses: With their beauty and sweet fragrance, flowers of naupaka kuahiwi can be used in lei making. The fruits can be used to make a dark dye. The nectar of the beautiful half flowers can also be a source of nutrition for endemic birds and insects. Surely there are other lāʻau lapaʻau uses of this species that I am unaware of, so if you know of any, please share!
Habitat: This species of naupaka kuahiwi can be found in dry to mesic areas on all of the main Hawaiian islands aside fromd Kahoʻolawe, and grows in dry ridges and open shrublands and forests from about 250 to 2,600 feet in elevation. Unfortunately, their habitat is quickly being lost to development, and whatever plants remain are being threatened and/or impacted by feral ungulate pressures such as grazing and bark stripping (does this sound familiar yet?). In Kaʻū, plants have been recorded from Kahuku to Kapāpala, though today they are quite uncommon and only a few wild plants remain in an unmanaged area in Kahuku.
Growing and Purchasing: While I have never seen S. gaudichaudii for sale, I believe some nurseries like Future Forests would be able to propagate this species upon request. If you happen to find a plant with ripe fruits, remove the seeds from the fruit, sow in a well-drained media, and be patient while they germinate. Your naupaka kuahiwi will be a hardy addition to the Kaʻū landscape, and requires little water once it establishes in the ground. Feel free to plant it in full sun and offer it a mild fertilizer every year to keep it happy. And when your naupaka kuahiwi fruits, try growing them from seed so you can share the love with a friend.

KAʻŪ IS UNDER A FLOOD ADVISORY SUNDAY EVENING. CIVIL DEFENSE reminds residents and travelers a Flood Advisory means minor flooding is imminent or occurring.

Due to the Flood Advisory, be advised:
Flooding can be life-threatening. Residents in flood prone areas are asked to remain alert for flooding conditions.

Please drive with caution. Be on the alert for run-off, ponding of water, debris, and poor visibility.
Do not attempt to cross flowing water in a vehicle or on foot; turn around, don't drown.
Remember, if lightning threatens, the safest place to be is indoors.
For more information, visit County of Hawaii Hazard Impact Map

HAWAI'I COUNTY CIVIL DEFENSE ASKS THOSE WITH STORM DAMAGE from the current rains and flooding to visit the Civil Defense webpage and submit a damage report by using the Public Damage Report form at https://survey123.arcgis.com/share/13ffdc337b544dc0a8665fcdf9e67957 or call 808-935-0031. The form is not for receiving assistance. It states, "The information you provide in this report will ensure that the County of Hawaii can send a damage assessor to assess the damage caused by a natural or man-made disaster. The data collected will allow County officials to determine if our jurisdiction qualifies for any state or federal assistance, as well as to assist with hazard mitigation planning.
"This report is strictly for reporting damage or loss of personal property. It does not constitute an application for assistance and affected parties still need to file claims with their Insurance companies. Utility outages should still be report to your local utility provider. If this is a life-threatening emergency, call 9-1-1."

Civil Defense advises that "Rain continues in the forecast through the week. Exercise caution as flooding is possible." For more information, visit the County of Hawaii Hazard Impact Map.

Saturday, May 11, 2024

Kaʻū News Briefs May 11, 2024

May 22nd, 1924 explosion as seen from Volcano House. Photo by Tai Sing Loo

KĪLAUEA ERUPTED EXPLOSIVELY 100 YEARS AGO THIS WEEK. It was the first time in nearly a century, reports Volcano Watch in its weekly column written by U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists an affiliates:

The eruption lasted for about 17 days, killing one person and injuring others. Learn more about the 1924 eruption.
The eruption took place from Halemaʻumaʻu at the summit of Kīlauea but was foreshadowed by a seismic crisis and intrusion of magma in lower Puna, 30 miles (50 km) away. In February 1924, the lava lake in Halemaʻumaʻu began to drain back underground. In mid-April, lower Puna was shaking almost constantly, and the ground was cracking open as lava from the emptying lake traveled underground into the lower East Rift Zone. The crisis died by April 28 before lava could erupt, and agricultural field hands that had been evacuated resumed their work.
At Kīlauea’s summit, the floor of Halemaʻumaʻu began dropping on or before April 29 and was lower by 328 ft (100 m) on May 7, the last measurement date. Rock falls from the crater wall generated thick dust clouds. Red-hot “ʻaʻā paste” left over from the drained lava lake

Explosive eruption column from Halema‘uma‘u Crater 11:15 a.m. May 18, 1924 -
one of many in a series of similar events during May 11-27. Photo from northwest
rim of Kīlauea summit. Photo by K Maehara

peeled away from the wall, but observers noted no wholesale collapse.
The first explosion was unobserved during the night of May 10–11 and ejected blocks weighing more than 330 pounds (150 kg) as far as 200 ft (60 m) from the crater. After relative calm on May 11–12, the eruption took off in earnest on May 13. Thereafter, more than 50 distinct explosions occurred until May 27, when the eruption ended.
Thousands of rocks were tossed high in the air, littering the caldera floor. Intense electrical storms accompanied some of the explosions, and lightning took out powerlines far down the road to Hilo. Earthquakes shook the ground, and mud rains with pellets the size of peas (called accretionary lapilli) pummeled the summit. Blocks weighing several tons landed more than half a mile (1 km) from the crater; one 8-ton block that landed about a mile (2 km) southeast of the crater became a signed visitor site for many years, even surviving the caldera collapse of 2018.
The explosive crescendo was on Sunday, May 18, when the two largest explosions occurred. A number of observers were on the caldera floor during the first, and one, Truman Taylor, was fatally injured by a falling rock. By remarkable coincidence, 56 years later the devastating eruption of Mount Saint Helens occurred on Sunday, May 18, 1980, and both eruptions killed a man named Truman. Truth is sometimes stranger than fiction.
Most of the ash from the explosions was blown southwestward by the trade wind, but some, perhaps supplied by higher eruption columns that overtopped the trade wind regime, fell from South Hilo to lower Puna. Railroad travel in Makuʻu was disrupted when the tracks became slippery from wet ash. Rain washed ash from the roof of the Glenwood store, tearing off the gutters. Overall, though, the production of ash was modest, and, after only 20 years, it was hard to find ash deposits outside the caldera, as wind and water swept them away.

View looks away from Halema‘uma‘u, in the direction the block was falling. Left to
right: Oliver Emerson, Tai Sing Loo (in crater, holding camera), John Stokes.
Photo taken 9:30 a.m. May 22, 1924. Photo by H.T. Stearns

During the eruption, Halemaʻumaʻu doubled its diameter to about half a mile (1 km), and its floor dropped more than 1640 ft (500 m).
What powered the explosions? For years the interpretation was that they resulted from steam explosions generated as groundwater encountered hot rock. This interpretation, suggested at the time, served well until the 2018 collapse of Halemaʻumaʻu and the adjacent caldera produced nothing comparable to the 1924 explosions.
Theoretical modeling indicates that months to years are required for the conduit wall to cool enough for groundwater to return after draining of a lava lake. Is there any way to overcome this theoretical requirement? What role did magmatic gas—dissolved in magma and released explosively by sudden drop in pressure—play in 1924 or in 2018? Ongoing work by USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) researchers on the 1924 ash is providing new information bearing on these questions. Next week’s “Volcano Watch” article will describe this research.
Finally, a sad, deeply personal, note. Thomas Jaggar, esteemed head of HVO, was in New York when the eruption started, not returning home to Hawaii until May 28. In a private letter written 23 years later, he lamented "...1924 was my responsibility, and my absence was a pity, the most fatal disappointment of my life."
On Tuesday, May 14 at 7 p.m., join Don Swanson, HVO geologist emeritus, and Ben Gaddis, HVO volunteer, as they describe the 1924 explosive eruption of Kīlauea in an After Dark in the Park presentation at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Park entrance fees apply. See here for more information: https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/news/20240329_may-2024-events.htm. This program will be repeated on May 20 and 21 at Lyman Museum in Hilo. See here for more information: https://lymanmuseum.org/events/.

VOLCANO ACTIVITY UPDATES FROM USGS: Kīlauea is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert level is ADVISORY. Unrest that began on April 27 continues beneath the upper East Rift Zone and the summit caldera south of Halemaʻumaʻu. Up to 280 events, most magnitude-2 and smaller, have been detected per day over the past week between the south part of Kīlauea caldera and the intersection with Hilina Pali Road; depths remain concentrated between 2-4 km (1.2-3.1 miles) beneath the surface. Tiltmeters near Sand Hill and Uēkahuna bluff continued to record inflationary trends. Kīlauea's summit region is pressurized, and changes could occur quickly moving forward. See the Information Statement published on May 2 for background information: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hans-public/notice/DOI-USGS-HVO-2024-05-03T07:42:02+00:00.
Mauna Loa is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert Level is at NORMAL.
Webcams show no signs of activity on Mauna Loa. Summit seismicity has remained at low levels over the past month. Ground deformation indicates continuing slow inflation as magma replenishes the reservoir system following the 2022 eruption. SO2 emission rates are at background levels.
Six earthquakes were reported felt in the Hawaiian Islands during the past week: a M3.3 earthquake 6

Thomas Jaggar standing amid ash and blocks of the May 1924 eruption,

looking east-northeast toward Kīlauea Iki. Note the fresh cracks that opened

as Halema‘uma‘u was widening during its collapse. Photo by Tai Sing Loo

km (3 mi) S of Volcano at 1 km (1 mi) depth on May 7 at 9:26 a.m. HST, a M1.9 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) SSW of Honoka‘a at 6 km (3 mi) depth on May 6 at 9:11 p.m. HST, a M2.5 earthquake 5 km (3 mi) SSW of Volcano at 1 km (1 mi) depth on May 2 at 4:16 p.m. HST, a M3.1 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) S of Volcano at 1 km (0 mi) depth on May 2 at 4:07 p.m. HST, a M3.0 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) S of Volcano at 0 km (0 mi) depth on May 2 at 3:56 p.m. HST, and a M2.9 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) S of Volcano at 1 km (0 mi) depth on May 2 at 3:48 p.m. HST.
HVO continues to closely monitor Kīlauea and Mauna Loa.
Visit HVO’s website for past Volcano Watch articles, Kīlauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano photos, maps, recent earthquake information, and more. Email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.

SEVERE AND EXTREME (G4-G5) GEOMAGNETIC STORMS LIKELY ON 12 MAY 2024, according to NOAA, which reported, "Another series of CMEs associated with flare activity from Region 3664 over the past several days are expected to merge and arrive at Earth by midday (UTC) on 12 May. Periods of G4-G5 (Severe-Extreme) geomagnetic storms are likely to follow the arrival of these CMEs."
None of the colorful skies seen on the continent and in Europe have reached Hawai'i to date.

VOLCANO WINERY'S MOTHER'S DAY MARKET is Sunday, May 12 from 12 p.m. - 4 p.m. at Volcano Winery, 35 Piʻi Mauna Drive, Volcano. Featuring wine, crafts, food and more. More information at https://m.facebook.com/volcanowinery/.

MOTHER'S DAY CONCERT: FEATURING THE VOLCANO CHAMBER PLAYERS is Sunday, May 12 from 4 p.m. - 6 p.m. at Volcano Art Center's Dietrich Varez Hall in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. The concert is a special tribute to mothers. Beverages and pupu will be available for purchase. Tickets available at https://volcanoartcenter.org/classes-and-workshops/purchase-tickets-to-vac-events/.

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